ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ

Overview - Language family, inflection system, legacy in Romance languages, SPQR inscription card Pronunciation - 8 rules — hard C, consonantal V=[w], vowel length, stress accent, rolled R, silent H weakening Alphabet - 23 letters with Vowel / Consonant filter; click any letter for a detail modal covering sound, notes, and examples Grammar - 6 cards — six cases, three genders, verb endings, SOV order, ablative absolute, subjunctive mood Declensions - 1st / 2nd / 3rd declension tables (radio tab switch, no JS) with full singular + plural paradigms and function notes Verbs - All four conjugation present-tense tables — amāre, vidēre, dūcere, audīre Key Texts - 6 canonical works with original Latin quotation, translation, and context — Caesar, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Lucretius Phrases - 12 Latin phrases still in daily use — pronunciation guide alongside each

Overview - Language isolate characteristics, cuneiform origins, grammatical features, and a clay tablet replica card. Timeline - Seven stages from clay tokens around 8000 BCE to the last known cuneiform tablet in 75 CE. Cuneiform Signs - 12 signs filterable across three tabs — Logogram, Ideogram, and Phonetic — with a detail modal on click. Grammar - Six cards covering ergative-absolutive alignment, agglutinative verb structure, SOV word order, case markers, vowel harmony, and determinatives. Numbers - The sexagesimal (base-60) system — 18 cuneiform numerals from 1 to 3,600. Key Texts - Six landmark works including the Instructions of Shuruppak, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hymn to Inanna, and the Lament for the Destruction of Ur. Decipherment - Six steps from the Behistun Inscription to the modern Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) database.

Arabic is a Semitic language with a history spanning over 1,500 years, making it one of the world's oldest continuously spoken languages. It is the liturgical language of Islam and the official language of 26 countries across the Middle East and North Africa, spoken by approximately 400 million people as a native language and understood by hundreds of millions more. The Arabic script is written from right to left and consists of 28 consonants. Unlike Latin-based scripts, short vowels are not written as letters but as small diacritical marks placed above or below consonants — and in everyday writing, these marks are typically omitted entirely, leaving readers to infer pronunciation from context. Each consonant takes one of four different shapes depending on its position within a word: isolated, initial, medial, or final. Modern Standard Arabic (الفُصْحَى, al-fuṣḥā) is the formal written and broadcast standard used across the Arab world, derived directly from Classical Arabic — the language of the Quran. Alongside it exist dozens of regional dialects (العَامِّيَّة, al-ʿāmmiyya) that differ significantly in pronunciation and vocabulary, to the point where a Moroccan and an Iraqi speaker may struggle to understand each other in casual conversation. Arabic has had a profound influence on world languages. Spanish, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Swahili, and many others have borrowed heavily from Arabic vocabulary — words like algebra (الجَبْر), algorithm (from al-Khwārizmī), cotton (قُطْن), coffee (قَهْوَة), and sugar (سُكَّر) all trace their origins to Arabic.